Research progress in protective effects and mechanisms of Ligustrazine on cerebra,spinal cord injury / 中国生化药物杂志

Ligustrazine which has extensive pharmacological effects has been clinically used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,respiratory diseases,urinary diseases,cirrhosis,cancer,etc.Research of protective effects of Ligustrazine on spinal cord injury has recently increased year by year.Numerous clinical trials and animal experiments suggest that Ligustrazine can play a role on ischemic cerebrovascular disease, degenerative brain disease,epilepsy,spinal cord injury and so on,whose main mechanisms include inhibiting of apoptosis and inflammation,enhancing the body’s antioxidant level,improving hemorheology,increasing expression of neurofilament protein and neurotrophic factors,and regulating balance of the ion intracellular and extracellular.Through consulting the relevant literature since 2003,this article reviews the protective roles and mechanisms of Ligustrazine on cerebra and spinal cord injury for the past 10 years.

Establishment of a rat model of trigeminal neuralgia induced by photochemical nerve injury / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the behavioral changes of the pain related neuromodulation and neurotransmission in peripheral and central nervous systems in rats with trigeminal neuralgia (TN)and provide a disease relevant animal model for mecha-nism study of TN.Methods The male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group and TN surgical group.The latter group was further divided into model group and gabapentin group (100 mg · kg-1 ). TN was induced by intravenous erythrosine B injection and laser irradiation.The pain behavior of rats was evaluated using mechanical pain threshold measured with Von Frey hairs.Fluorescence quantitative PCR technique was deployed to study the change of Tac1 mRNA expressions in trigeminal ganglia.Utilizing microdialysis technique followed by high performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD),the extracellular striatum fluid was collected and glutamate(Glu)concentration was determined.Results In the model group,the average mechanical pain threshold in facial ar-ea innervated by the trigeminal nerve remained below 4g after 7 days post surgery.The mechanical threshold of the model group (1.63 ±1.27)g was significantly lower (P<0.01)than the control group (24.17 ±4.49)g on day10 post surgery.In gen-eral,the mechanical withdraw threshold was decreased from the preoperative value of 26g to the postoperative value of (1.60 ± 1.74)g (P<0.01),and maintained stable at (0.71 ±1.24) g during the whole dynamic monitoring period from day7 to day60.The successful rate of this model was 63%.After sur-gery,Tac1 mRNA expression in trigeminal ganglia and extracel-lular Glu levels in striatum were significantly up-regulated (P<0.05 ) in the model group. Animals receiving Gabapentin showed significant improvement in pain symptoms,as well as re-ductions of Tac1 mRNA expression in trigeminal ganglia and ex-tracellular Glu concentration in striatum (P<0.05 ).Conclu-sions The above described photochemically induced TN rat model can partially mimic the clinical TN symptoms and its pathophysiology.Considering its overall high stability,it is very likely that this model could be used in preclinical mechanism study or drug screening of TN.

Experimental model of histamine-induced anaphylactoid reaction on beagle dogs / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish animal model of histamine-induced anaphylactoid reactions on Beagle dogs through intravenous injection of histamine phosphate injection.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Anaphylactoid reactions was determined according to the changes of praxiology and blood pressure of Beagle dogs after one intravenous injection of histamine phosphate injection.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>It showed that typical anaphylactoid reactions be caused by histamine phosphate injection on Beagle dogs, and the response of the high-dose group was more obvious than that of the low-dose group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Intravenous injection of histamine phosphate injection could simulate Beagle dogs to bring typical clinical anaphylactoid reaction, that could be used as a sensitive animal model to evaluate anaphylactoid reaction of traditional Chinese medicine injections (TCMIs) in the pre-clinical experiments of both TCMIs and their composition.</p>

Real-time detection of mast cell degranulation in anaphylactoid reaction / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a new, real time, dynamic and direct optical detection method for mast cell degranulation caused by anaphylactoid reaction.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>A CD63-GFP plasmid was constructed and introduced steadily into rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells. The movements of CD63-GFP, which was located on both the granule membranes and the plasma membranes of RBL cells stimulated by Compound 48/80, were studied by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM) both inside and on the surface of living RBL-2H3 cells.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Before antigen stimulation, most granules with CD63-GFP hardly moved in RBL cells. However, after antigen stimulation, the granules moved dramatically. They reached the plasma membranes in a few minutes and fused with them instantaneously. The velocity of the granule movement toward the plasma membranes on antigen stimulation was calculated to be 0.05 micron x s(-1).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Analysis of the movement of each granule provided a new insight into the elementary process of degranulation. The method is rapid, sensitive and reliable, which could be used as a new detection method for anaphylactoid reaction in vitro.</p>

Study on allergenicity of chlorogenic acid in Qingkailing injection / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the allergenicity of chlorogenic acid (CA) in Qingkailing injection.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>CA was administrated to Beagle dogs through intravenous injection, and on experimental allergic sensitization of guinea pigs, it was through intraperitoneal and intravenous injection. The behavioral changes of Beagle dogs and guinea pigs were observed, and changes of the content of histamine, IgE, IgG, IgM, ECP and IL-4 in blood were detected. Then the allergenicity of CA was determined by experimental anaphylactoid and allergic methods.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>There were no typical behavioral changes and increasement of the content of histamine, IgE, IgG, IgM, ECP and IL-4 in blood.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>CA can not provoke anaphylactoid and allergic reactions.</p>

Application of sites-microdialysis technology in pharmacokinetic studies / 中国中药杂志

Microdialysis (MD), as a living bio-sampling technique, can be utilizable in different tissues,organs or different parts of the same organs, in order to clarify the drug's pharmacokinetics, mechanism, and provide a basis for targeting. This article describes a number of points in recent years, the microdialysis technique in pharmacokinetic studies in the field of application of the status and significant progress.

Expression changes of age-related genes in different aging stages of Caenorhabiditis elegans and the regulating effects of Chuanxiong extract / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the expression changes of age-related genes in different stages of aging and the regulating effects of Chuanxiong extract on it.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>According to the different stages of aging, the experiments were tested at two time points of 2 d and 6 d. Using realtime RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) to test the expression change of aging-related genes among the groups.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Compared with the 2 d control group, the expression of age-1, daf-2, let-363 were up-regulated in the 6 d control group (P < 0.05) while the expression of ins-18, let-60, sir-2.1, sod-3 were down-regulated (P < 0.05). Compared with the 2 d administration group, the expression of age-1, daf-2, let-363 were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.01) in the 6 d administration group after treated with CXE while the expression of ins-18, let-60, sir-2.1, sod-3 were significantly down-regulated (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In the progress of aging, the expression of age-1, daf-2, let-363 increased, functioning as aging-promoting genes; while the expression of ins-18, let-60, sir-2.1, sod-3 decreased, functioning as longevity genes; CXE extended the lifespan through inhibiting the expression of these aging-promoting genes and increasing the expression of longevity genes, which would be the molecular mechaniSm of anti-aging of traditional Chinese medicine that can promote Qi and activate blood.</p>

Effect of Ligusticum chuanxiong extract on lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans and its underlying molecular mechanisms / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effect of Ligusticam chuanxiong extract (CXE) on lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans and investigate its underlyirig molecular mechanisms.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The lifespan assay was carried out on animals grouped into blank control group and CXE groups with concentration from low to high: 12.5, 25, 50, 100 mg x L(-1) by examining the effect of CXE on mean lifespan and maximum lifespan of C. elegans. According to the result of lifespan assay, we cultured the animals with the optimal concentration of CXE for 10 days, and tested the expression change of aging-related genes between the control and CXE group by realtime RT-PCR (qRT-PCR).</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Compared with the control, 25, 50, 100 mg x L(-1) CXE all significantly extended the mean lifespan (15.7%, 9.1%, 6.2% respectively) and the maximum lifespan (15.0%, 6.8%, 6.6% respectively) of C. elegans. After treatment with 25 mg x L(-1) CXE the expression of hsp-70, skn-1 were obviously up-regulated while the expression of akt-2, tub-1 were significantly down-regulated.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>CXE significantly extend the lifespan of C. elegans, and the underlying molecular mechanism is related with genes of Insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway and dietary restriction system.</p>

Study of molecular mechanism of anti-Parkinson's disease traditional Chinese medicine using model of Caenorhabditis elegans / 中国中药杂志

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with a complex, multifactorial aetiology. The brains of patients affected with PD are characterized by a loss of neurons in dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, decreasing of dopamine secretion, and the deposition of Lewy bodies (LBs) in the cytoplasm of remaining neurons. In China the data show that the incidence of Parkinson's disease increases at least 20 times in recent 20 years, and it makes things worse for the aging society. Developing good anti-PD drugs to improve the patient's quality of life is particularly important. The treatment of PD using traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has made remarkable effect, while the the molecular mechanisms of it is still not known, while elucidating the molecular mechanism of TCM is the base of better understanding its function. Using genetically modified PD model of Caenorhabditis elegans, which is suitable for molecular mechanism study, to explore the interference mechanism of TCM to PD might be an effective way. This review briefly introduces the research progress on molecular mechanism of PD, and then discusses the idea of using C. elegans to study molecular mechanism of TCM intervention to PD.

Progress of Pharmacological Survey of Phenolic Alkaloids from Menisphermum Dauricum / 国际中医中药杂志

It was proved that Phenolic alkaloids from Menisphermum dauricum (PAMD) has extensive pharmacological effects, manifested as affecting electrophysiology of the heart, resisting cardiac arrhythmia, inhibiting myocardial infarction, protecting nverves in cerebral ischemia, exerting resisting action in thrombogenesis, dementia, and tumor, and improving learning disorder, and so on. We made an overall sum up of researching progress on PAMD pharmaceutical actions in this article.

Research progress on mechanism of delaying senility of Chinese materia medica in recent years / 中国中药杂志

Recently investigating mechanisms on delaying aging of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and discovering high effective related medicines have been become hot spot and have achieved some progress. This review comprehensively analyzed the mechanism of TCM on delaying senility in recent years. The modern researches have demonstrated that Chinese materia medica and compound formulas can retard aging process by anti-oxidant activity of free radical, modulating metabolism of neuroendocrine, balancing immunological function, prolonging telomere length and promoting telomerase activity in cells, anti-DNA damage of cells, and controlling expression of gene and protein involved in cell proliferation.

Establishment of the oxidative damage model in brain of PD rats induced by L-DOPA with microdialysis technique / 中国药理学通报

Aim To establish the model of oxidative damage in brain of Parkinsons disease(PD)rats induced by levodopa(L-DOPA)with microdialysis technique.Methods PD model rats were induced by intracerebral injection of 6-hydroxyl dopamine(6-OHDA)and were perfused in brain with L-DOPA by using microdialysis technique.Salicylic acid can capture hydroxyl radicals in brain,then yield 2,3-dihydroxy benzyl acid(2,3-DHBA)and 2,5-dihydroxy benzyl acid(2,5-DHBA).Extracelluler dopamine(DA)and its metabolites,2,3-DHBA and 2,5-DHBA in striatum of rats were measured by HPLC-ED before and after L-DOPA treatment.Results Both 2,3-DHBA and 2,5-DHBA in model group were significantly higher than those in control group at 6 and 7 time points respectively(P

Effects of Duxil on striatum extracellular acetylcholine,glucose and lactic acid levels in rats of cerebral energy metabolism impairment / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the effects of masculine drug Duxil on striatum extracellular acetylcholine(ACh),glucose and lactic acid(LD) levels in energy metabolism impairment rats induced by intracerebral perfusion with sodium azide(NaN3).Methods Rats were divided into three groups:control,model and Duxil groups.Rats of Duxil group were treated with 10 mg?kg-1?d-1 Duxil for 14 d.Other two groups were treated with water for 14 d.After 2 wk microdialysis technique was adopted and the rats were perfused with NaN3 in striatum and continuously measured striatum extracellular ACh,glucose and LD levels in freely moving awake rats.Results During perfusion(90 min) and stoping perfusion(180,240,360 min)period with NaN3 striatum extracellular ACh levels in the model group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P

The method of simultaneous measurement of hydroxyl free radical and monoamines neurotransmitters and their metabolites from the brain microdialysis of rats / 中国药理学通报

0.05).Conclution After at a time sampling the levels of hydroxyl free radical and monoamines neurotransmitters and their metabolites from brain micronilysis of freely moving rats during salicylate sodium-Ringer's solusion perfusion can be simultaneously measured by HPLC-ED.

Experimental Study on the Anaphylactoid Reaction induced by Qingkailing Injections on the Beagle Dogs / 中医杂志

Objective To study the sensitization of Qingkailing I njections produc ed in five pharmaceutical factories and the sensitization of each composition an d adminicle of Qingkailing Injections on the Beagle dogs by intravenous injectio n. Methods By intravenous injection with Qingkailing In jections produced by the five pharmaceutical factories and all the compositions and adminicles into the Beagle dogs, the behavior changes of the dogs were observed and the content of serum histamine, I gE, IgG, IgM, ECP and IL-4 were detected. Results The result was determined ac cording to the indices of both behavior changes and the serum histamine, IgE, Ig G, IgM, ECP and IL-4. Qingkailing Injections produced in three pharmaceutical f a ctories and the compositions, extract of gardenia and cholalic acid were positi ve in induc ing the anaphylactoid reaction. Conclusion The Qingkail ing Injections produced in three pharmaceutical factories can induce anaphylactoid reaction. The extrac t of gardenia and cholalic acid may be the relevant substance of anaphylactoid r eaction.

The method of continuous measuring extracellular acetylcholine and choline levels in striatum of freely moving awake rats / 中国药理学通报

AIM To establish the method of continuous measuring extracellular Acetylcholine and Choline levels in[FQ(10*2。46,X-WZ]-striatum of freely moving awake rats. METHODS The microdialysis and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)-post column Immobilized enzyme reactor(IMER)-electrochemical detection(ED) were used to continuously measure extracellular acetylcholine and choline levels in striatum of freely moving awake rats. RESULTS Extracellular acetylcholine and choline levels were higher at the beginning of perfusion, then decreased gradually. The ACh concentration reached a stable level after 240 min while the Ch continuously decreased in the whole perfusion period of 450 min. The detection limit for ACh and Ch, at a S/N ratio of three, was found to be 150 fmol per injection. In the range of 0.125～1.0 ?mol?L -1 , the relation between the amounts and the peak amplitude was linear. CONCLUSION HPLC-IMER-ED is a sensitive and stable method to measure the ACh and Ch. Coupled with microdialysis, it can been successfully used for monitoring the extracellular ACh and Ch levels of freely moving awake rats. -

Establishing the method of measurement of glucose concentration in brain microdialysate by HPLC-NCSE100-ED / 中国药理学通报

Aim To establish the rapidly detecting method of glucose concentration in brain microdialysate.Method Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detector (ED) and Nano-Copper screen-printed electrode (NCSE100)-Flow injection analysis the glucose concentration in brain microdialysate were detected.Result The related coefficient (r) of glucose standard curve was 0.9995. The variation coefficient (CV) within a day was 4%~7%. The striatum extracellular glucose concentration in rats was(2.4?0.8) mmol?L-1. These results indicated that our method was reliable.Conclusion Using HPLC with ED, NCSE100, and flow injection analysis the glucose concentration in brain microdialysate were detected, which has certain applied worth.

Induction of extracellular hydroxyl radical in striatum of rats by intracerebral perfusion of 6-OHDA / 中国药理学通报

Aim To provide an approach to drug filtration and the research into damage of brain cell caused by senile retrograde affection and oxidative stresses,a model of increased extracellular hydroxyl radical in striatum of rats was established by intracerebral perfusion of 6-hydroxy dopamine(6-OHDA).Method Microdialysis was used to establish the model,hydroxyl radicals captured by salicylic acid yielded 2,3-dihydroxy benzyl acid(2,3-DHBA) and 2,5-dihydroxy benzyl acid(2,5-DHBA) which were measured by HPLC-ED.Results After 75 minuets of the perfusion with 6-OHDA in brain of rats,the levels of 2,3-DHBA and 2,5-DHBA in the model group increased to 6.6 and 3.4 times compered with the control group respectively;and the 2,3-DHBA was still higher than that of the control group in the whole course of observation(P